A Scholarly Investigation of Ahl al-Bayt al-At-har: Meaning, Identifiers, and the Perspective of Ahl al-Sunnah

اہلِ بیت اطہار: مفہوم، مصداق، اور اہلِ سنت کے نقطہ نظر کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Abstract

This research article presents a comprehensive linguistic and semantic analysis of the Arabic terms Al (آل) and Ahl (أهل) , which have been subject to scholarly debate regarding their derivation and meaning. Classical lexicographers and grammarians, including Khalil ibn Ahmad, Ibn Faris, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Al-Fayruzabadi, have offered differing views: some trace Al to the root ’awala (to return), while others connect it to Ahl (family or kin). The study examines these derivations, the transformation of letters through linguistic processes, and the distinctions between Al and Ahl in grammatical usage and semantic scope. Furthermore, the article explores the semantic implications of these terms, especially in the context of the Quran and Hadith, highlighting that Al generally refers to those closely related to a person either by lineage or association, including followers, whereas Ahl has a broader usage encompassing family and dependents. The research also addresses the specific usage of Ahl al-Bayt (the People of the Household) of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, distinguishing between its general and specific meanings. Through Quranic verses and authentic Hadiths, it is established that Ahl al-Bayt includes the Prophet’s close relatives, his wives, and his offspring, who are exempt from receiving Zakat, as supported by narrations from Zayd ibn Arqam, Abdullah ibn Harith ibn Nufayl, and others. The study concludes with an integrated understanding of linguistic derivation, semantic nuance, and jurisprudential implications concerning Al, Ahl, and Ahl al-Bayt in Islamic tradition.