Dr. Ghulam Hussain Zulfiqar Research Centre, Lahore
© Author(s). This article is published as Open Access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This study focuses on Masnai Khitab-e Fasil, a Persian masnavi composed by Muhammad Abbas Shushtari (1244–1304 AH), a distinguished scholar, theologian, jurist, poet, and intellectual of the Indian subcontinent. The masnavi is preserved in a unique manuscript housed in the Central Library of the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Composed in 1277 AH and completed in manuscript form in 1284 AH, the work is significant not only from a literary perspective but also as an important source for understanding the intellectual, religious, and polemical milieu of nineteenth-century India.The study introduces the manuscript, its author, the circumstances surrounding its composition, and its position within the tradition of Persian dialectical and theological poetry in the Indian subcontinent.From the perspective of style and structure, the masnavi combines the conventions of classical Persian masnavi composition with the argumentative method of theological debate. The study demonstrates that Khitab-e Fasel is not merely a poetic work but also a valuable document of religious discourse, intellectual debate, and Persian literary culture in the Indian subcontinent.
Khitab-e Fasel, Muhammad Abbas Shushtari, Persian Masnavi, Indian Subcontinent, Polemical Poetry, Intertextuality, Persian Literature
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia Asif, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
یوٹیوب، ٹک ٹاک اور پوڈکاسٹ:پنجابی زبان کے فروغ کے نئے امکانات اور ڈیجیٹل لسانی حیات کا ایک مجوزہ ماڈل
Digital media are changing how Punjabi is spoken, learned, shared and remembered. This article examines the role of YouTube, TikTok and podcasts in the promotion of Punjabi with particular attention to Pakistan. It argues that online visibility alone does not guarantee language vitality. Punjabi may attract millions of views through music, comedy and short videos. While remaining weak in education, professional communication and knowledge production. Each platform offers a different opportunity. TikTok can introduce Punjabi to younger audiences through short, informal and participatory content. YouTube can support structured learning, literary discussion, cultural documentation and subject based knowledge. Podcasts can create space for sustained conversation and strengthen Punjabi as a language of serious intellectual exchange. The research proposes a Platform Complementarity Model built around four stages: attention, depth, habit and reproduction. It also discusses challenges such as algorithmic visibility, romanized writing, code switching, and dependence on commercial platforms. The study concludes that Punjabi digital promotion should be measured by expanded language use, not simply by views, likes or followers. This shift can connect cultural preservation with everyday learning and future creativity.
Punjabi language, YouTube, TikTok, podcasts, digital language vitality, social media, language promotion
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Dilshad Rasool , Mamoona Naeem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of the Ethical and Philosophical Aspects of Rumi's Masnavi
Ethics, as a collection of moral virtues, has been one of the most beloved subjects of Persian writers and poets. The Persian language enjoys a unique distinction in that no other literary tradition can rival it in the richness of its ethical teachings. From the second century onward, Persian poets and authors composed numerous works aimed at the moral education of society, the like of which can scarcely be found elsewhere. These include masterpieces such as Shahnameh by Ferdowsi, Akhlaq-i Nasiri, Golestan and Bustan by Saadi, Qabusnameh, and many others.In this context, one of the most renowned works of Persian literature is Masnavi-ye Ma'navi (The Spiritual Couplets) by Rumi. Consisting of approximately 26,000 verses arranged in six books, this monumental work occupies a distinguished place in Persian literature. In the Masnavi, Rumi draws extensively upon the verses of the Qur'an, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the teachings of mystics and Sufi's to offer moral guidance and spiritual counsel. He skillfully presents ethical and philosophical concepts through captivating and delightful stories, ensuring that for centuries the hearts and minds of readers have remained inspired and enriched by the beauty and eloquence of his writing.
Masnavi-ye Ma'navi, Moral Teachings, Advice and counsel, Knowledge and learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shagufta Yaseen Abbasi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Historical and Comparative Study of Juristic Services in Multan: A Research Appraisal of the Scholarly and Practical Methodology of Ḥaḍrat Bahā᾿ al-Dīn Zakariyyā Multānī and Khwāja ʿUbayd Allāh Multānī
Multan, historically celebrated as Madīnat al-Awliyā᾿, occupies a distinctive position in the intellectual history of Islamic South Asia not merely as a centre of taṣawwuf but, equally significantly, as a durable site of juristic (fiqhī) production, transmission and application. This study undertakes a historical and comparative examination of the juristic services rendered in Multan through the lens of two representative yet chronologically distant figures: Shaykh Bahā᾿ al-Dīn Zakariyyā Multānī (578–661 AH / 1182–1262 CE), founder of the Suhrawardī order in the Indian subcontinent, and Khwāja ʿUbayd Allāh Multānī (1219–1305 AH / 1804–1888 CE), a prolific muftī and Chishtī-Qādirī shaykh of the colonial period. Although separated by nearly six centuries and by radically different political contexts, the two belong to one continuous juristic tradition marked by four constants: adherence to the Ḥanafī madhhab, the subordination of spiritual practice to the sharīʿa, the integration of the khānqāh with the madrasa and the dār al-iftā᾿, and the deployment of fiqh as an instrument of social order rather than abstract theory. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, and drawing on tadhkira literature, malfūẓāt, surviving manuscripts and modern scholarship, the study reconstructs the juristic methodology (manhaj) of each figure. It examines Bahā᾿ al-Dīn Zakariyyā᾿s insistence on ẓāhir al-sharīʿa, his rejection of samāʿ, his legitimation of trade and organised endowment, and his engagement with political authority. It then analyses Khwāja ʿUbayd Allāh᾿s corpus of approximately one hundred works and twenty-two surviving manuscripts spanning tafsīr, ḥadīth, kalām, fiqh and uṣūl, his fatwā practice under colonial rule, and his defensive writing on ʿaqīda. The comparative section identifies convergence in madhhab loyalty, sources and social function, and divergence in scale, genre and audience. The paper concludes that Multan᾿s juristic tradition is best understood as an evolving continuum in which the pastoral jurisprudence of the medieval khānqāh was progressively textualised into the written fatwā culture of the nineteenth century,, and identifies Multan᾿s unedited manuscript legacy as an urgent research priority.
Multan, Ḥanafī fiqh, Bahā᾿ al-Dīn Zakariyyā Multānī, Khwāja ʿUbayd Allāh Multānī, Suhrawardiyya, iftā᾿, manuscripts, comparative methodology, South Asian Islam
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiz Muhammad Waseem Yaseen, Dr. Hafiz Fida Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Reforms and the Epistolary Da’wah Discourses of Mujaddid Alf Thani
In this document, we try to highlight a historical perspective of Mujaddid Alf Thani’s methodology in Dawah. He adopted many serious strategies to make a possible restoration of Muslims in spiritual and social domain of 16th-17th century Mughal’s India. He covered various strata of society like general public, religious scholars and ruling elite. And contested the dominant and unorthodox impact of Akbar’s reign by enforcing fidelity to Sharia and Sunnah. By harmonizing between legal laws and spiritual practices, he filtered the Muslim community from cultural hybridization and ethical decline.
Mujaddid Alf Thani, Social Reform, Epistolary Literature, Mughal India, Ethical Decline, Sharia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. M. Sohail Rafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of strategic planning in the performance of Universities of Afghanistan
Purpose: This study examines the strategic planning in improvement the performance of Universities in Afghanistan, assessing its impact on academic quality, institutional efficiency, and long-term sustainability. Methods: This, descriptive, and explanatory research design to analysis the role of strategic planning in improving performance in Afghan Universities. A structured questionnaire distributed to 308 academic and administrative staff used convenience sampling. Data collected via physical and online forms and analyzed through SPSS. Statistical techniques exist descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation, multiple regression, and moderation analysis to assess the impact of strategic planning on academic quality, efficiency, and sustainability. Results: The research show that strategic planning significantly improves academic quality, institutional performance, and long-term sustainability in universities. Strong correlations and regression results confirm its positive impact, while implementation challenges also play a meaningful role in shaping outcomes. Conclusion: Strategic planning significantly improves academic quality, institutional efficiency, and long-term sustainability in universities. However, implementation challenges may hinder its full impact. Strengthening institutional support and building capacity are essential to maximize the benefits and achieve strategic educational goals. Recommendation: To improve higher education performance, universities should strengthen support, build staff capacity, engage stakeholders, address implementation barriers, promote collaboration, use technology, monitor progress, and when needed update strategic plans to ensure alignment and sustainability.
Afghanistan Universities, Strategic planning, Performance
Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Ullah Stanikzai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analytical Review of Modern Urdu Literature on Islamic Economics
This literature review presents an analytical examination of modern Urdu literature on Islamic economics by critically evaluating the contributions of theses, research articles, economic books, and contemporary studies. Over the past few decades, Islamic economics has emerged as an important academic discipline, and Urdu literature has played a significant role in making its concepts accessible to scholars, students, and the general public. This review investigates the intellectual development of Islamic economic thought as reflected in contemporary Urdu writings, with particular emphasis on themes such as Islamic banking, interest-free financial systems, Zakat, Waqf, wealth distribution, social justice, and sustainable economic development. The study synthesizes findings from published theses, peer-reviewed articles, and authoritative economic books to identify major theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, and recurring research trends. Furthermore, it evaluates the strengths and limitations of existing Urdu scholarship while highlighting gaps that require further academic investigation. The review also explores the relationship between contemporary literature, Islamic literature, and contemporary economic literature, demonstrating how modern Urdu scholarship has responded to emerging economic challenges within the framework of Islamic principles. By integrating diverse scholarly sources, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolution, scope, and academic significance of Islamic economics in modern Urdu literature. The findings contribute to the growing body of research by offering a structured overview of existing knowledge and proposing directions for future research, thereby strengthening the academic discourse on Islamic economics and its relevance to contemporary socio-economic issues
Thesis, Article, Islamic Economics, Islamic Banking, Economic, Contemporary Study
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Waseem, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A brief history of Punjabi literature written by Ahmed Hussain Qureshi, introduction and analysis
"A Brief History of Punjabi Literature" is an important book that presents a comprehensive but brief overview of the historical, intellectual and artistic development of Punjabi Language and literature by Ahmad Hussain Qureshi Qaladari. It systematically describes the different periods, literary trends, prominent poets and writers from the beginning of Punjabi literature to the modern era and their creative contributions. The book also explains the characteristic of Sufi, classical, fork and modern Punjabi literature, the development of the language and its socio-cultural impacts. This research article is a basic source of students, teachers and researchers, because it provides a brief but comprehensive introduction and analysis to the history of Punjabi literature, important figures and literary movements because this of Ahmad Hussain Qureshi Qaladari is considered very useful and authoritative for understanding the literary tradition of the Punjabi language and its evolutionary journey.
Intellectual, Artistic, Literature, Socio-cultural, Authoritative
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumbal Akram, Dr. Irfan ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Classical Indian Gardens and Flora (A Critical and Analytical Study)
The subject of the research paper is a discussion of the gardens of ancient India. With the help of various references from librarty and research sources, a vivid portrayal of these gardens has been presented. Gardens are not merely meant to be seen, but also serve to soothe the five senses. The essay acquaints us with the gardens constrsenscs in the past, the beautiful and fragrant flowers that bloomed in them, and their names. In addition to local flowers, It also provides information about Turkish and Iranian flowers that adorned the garden of India. Furthermore, the importance of flowers in diffeent civitization has also been highlighted.
Classical Indian Garden, Flora, Flowers, Iranian Flowers
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syeda Rahat Zehra Zaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sufism and Contemporary Challenges: An Analytical Study
​Contemporary era, while progressing rapidly in the fields of science and technology, is simultaneously suffering from moral and spiritual degeneration. Materialism, self-centeredness, and the unbridled pursuit of wealth have deprived humanity of true peace of mind. Tasawwuf (Sufism), which highlights the spiritual and ethical dimension (Ihsan) of Islam, offers a comprehensive solution to these modern challenges. Sufism is not merely asceticism or isolation; rather, it is a structured system of self-purification (Tazkiyah-e-Nafs) and moral training that keeps an individual steadfast amidst material storms. By clarifying the true and fundamental concept of Sufism in the light of the Quran and Sunnah, this paper examines how the teachings of Sufis can help mitigate modern crises such as moral decay, mental anxiety, and social intolerance. Received: 15-01-2025 | Revised: 24-01-2026 | Accepted: 12-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Contemporary Era, Tasawwuf (Sufism), Materialism, Moral Decay, Mental Anxiety, Self-Purification, Ihsan
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Saima ijaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani: A Research Study of His Life, Lineage, and Scholarly-Spiritual Services
This study offers a comprehensive introductory account of the life of Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani, a distinguished Sufi saint of the Qadiriyya order and one of the earliest exponents of this spiritual lineage in the Indian subcontinent. It reconstructs his biography and traces his genealogy, which converges with that of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) through the noble ancestor Hashim. Drawing on classical and hagiographical sources, the study records the historical migration of his forefathers from Arabia to Khwarazm and Ghazna, and thereafter to Kot Karor (Karor Lal Esan) and Multan. It documents his manifold contributions in the religious, judicial, social, agricultural, and educational spheres, presenting him as a scholar, reformer, and benefactor of society who renounced worldly comforts despite his royal and aristocratic marriages. As a foundational study, it seeks to consolidate scattered and, at times, conflicting source material into an authenticated account of his ancestry, spiritual station, teachings, and enduring legacy in the propagation of Islam across Kot Karor, Multan, and their surrounding regions. Received: 06-01-2025 | Revised: 20-01-2026 | Accepted: 07-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani; Qadiriyya Order; Kot Karor (Karor Lal Esan); Multan; Hashmi Lineage; Sufism in the Subcontinent; Baha-ud-din Zakariya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Amanullah, Dr. Muhammad Anas Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious and Cultural Services of Syed Ali Hamdani in Kashmir
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamdani was the greatest Muslim Sufi. He rendered his services for the spread of peaceful message of Islam in the length and breadth of the valley of Kashmir. Hundreds of his fellow Sayyids accompanied him from Hamdan and other parts of Iran. Owing to the efforts of Mir Hamdani cultural relations and contacts established between the people of Kashmir and Central Asia. Sayyid Ali Hamdani encouraged skilled artisans, technicians and architects from abroad and fostered new arts in Kashmir. A number of people embraced Islam at his hand and thus he successfully gave a new shape to the religio - cultural milieu of Kashmir. Received: 08-01-2026 | Revised: 16-01-2026 | Accepted: 10-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamdani, Muslim Sufi, Kashmir, Central Asia
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Haroon Shah Gillani, Prof. Dr. Khawaja Zahid Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical Discussions and Scope of Civilization and Culture
This article presents a detailed discussion of the concepts of civilization, culture, and society, and examines their role in shaping human individual and collective life. It explains that human activities, social behavior, and ways of living are influenced by a wide range of cultural, moral, religious, intellectual, and social factors. The article defines civilization as the outward manifestation of organized human life, including social manners, customs, traditions, ethical conduct, political systems, and collective social practices. In contrast, culture is described as the intellectual, spiritual, artistic, and ideological expression of a society that reflects its beliefs, values, language, literature, arts, and worldview. Drawing on the perspectives of various scholars, critics, and cultural theorists, the article explores the meanings, evolution, and interrelationship of civilization, culture, and modern social development. It highlights that culture is not a static phenomenon but a dynamic and evolving process shaped by historical experiences, environmental conditions, religion, language, and social interactions. The study further emphasizes that language and literature serve as important carriers of cultural identity and play a significant role in preserving traditions, collective memory, and national consciousness.The article also discusses the importance of customs, moral values, religion, festivals, arts, architecture, and social traditions as major components of cultural life. It argues that a strong civilization and culture contribute to social harmony, ethical stability, intellectual progress, and national identity. In conclusion, the study asserts that civilization and culture are inseparable elements of human society, and that literature and language remain essential tools for understanding, preserving, and promoting a nation’s cultural heritage and collective consciousness. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 16-01-2026 | Accepted: 08-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Civilization, Culture, Society, Cultural Identity, Language, Literature, Social Values, Traditions, Cultural Heritage, Human Society
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Asifa Izzatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Madhunal and Kam Kandla: A Tale of Wisdom and Ethics
This research paper explores the artistic, linguistic, and cultural merits of "Madhunal aur Kam Kandla" (1801), a classic tale translated into Urdu by Mazhar Ali Khan Vila under the auspices of Fort William College, Calcutta. Originally derived from a Braj Bhasha story by Moti Ram Kabishwar, the text was rendered into Urdu at the instigation of Dr. John Gilchrist. This study demonstrates that the narrative extends beyond a conventional romance, serving as a profound reflection of contemporary social etiquette, mythical landscapes, and sophisticated psychological and socio-political dynamics. Linguistically, the text presents notable challenges for the modern reader due to its archaic orthography, obsolete Arabic vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and an absence of standard connective particles typical of that era's prose. Despite these complexities, Vila's poetic stylistic approach, ornate descriptions, rich allegories, and the adept integration of idioms and proverbs sustain reader engagement. The paper meticulously analyzes selected textual excerpts highlighting female psychology, the dynamics between rulers and subjects, and broader human behavior. Furthermore, it underscores the ethical, philosophical, and didactic dimensions that elevate the story from a mere historical document to a timeless piece of literature. By referencing the textual genealogy, British Museum manuscripts, and Dr. Ibadat Barelvi’s subsequent editorial work, this paper contextualizes Vila’s significant contributions to the development of early Urdu prose at Fort William College. Received: 02-01-2026 | Revised: 20-01-2026 | Accepted: 10-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Fort William College, Mazhar Ali Khan Vila, Madhunal aur Kam Kandla, Urdu Prose Style, Didactic Literature, Hindu Mythology, Female Psychology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Baseera Ambreen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hazrat Shah Hussain and the History of Lahore
Hazrat Shah Hussain is an invaluable asset of Punjabi Sufi poetry and is regarded as the first poet of the "Kafi" genre. He spent his life in Lahore. Besides poetry, the influence of historical events is also clearly visible in his life. Many aspects of Lahore’s history remain incomplete without mentioning him. Prominent personalities of his era, including both spiritual and political figures, are associated with various events related to his life. This paper highlights aspects of Shah Hussain’s life and their connection with the history of Lahore.
Hazrat Shah Hussain, Punjabi, Sufi poetry, Kafi
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Inam-ur-Rehman Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRACES OF CLASSICAL ARABIC LITERATURE IN JOKHA AL-HARTHI’S SAYYIDAAT AL-QAMAR
The paper explores the presence and function of classical Arabic literary references in Jokha al-Harthi’s award winning novel Celestial Bodies (Sayyidaat al-Qamar). Awarded the 2019 International Booker Prize, the novel transcends its narrative of Omani society and womanhood to engage deeply with the cultural and literary legacy of the Arab-Islamic world. The study identifies key instances where classical Arabic poetry and prose are embedded into the novel's fabric. These references are not mere aesthetic embellishments but serve as structural and thematic tools that link past literary traditions with contemporary narrative forms. The paper argues that al-Harthi's use of classical literature reinforces the cultural identity of her characters and provides depth to their personal and social struggles. By interweaving heritage with innovation, Celestial Bodies exemplifies a dynamic literary continuum within modern Arabic fiction. Received: 10-01-2025 | Revised: 14-01-2026 | Accepted: 14-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Classical Arabic literature, Intertextuality, Sayyidaat al-Qamar, Jokha al-Harthi, Celestial Bodies, Arabic fiction, Literary heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Exploitation in Aziz Ahmad's Novels
This research study examines the theme of human exploitation in the novels of Aziz Ahmad. Aziz Ahmad is one of the prominent figures of modern Urdu fiction who portrayed the social, psychological, and cultural crises of modern society with realism and intellectual depth. His novels present the problems of class inequality, emotional deprivation, moral decline, and inner conflict, which deeply affect human life and identity. The study analyzes economic, psychological, sexual, and social exploitation in his selected novels through an analytical and qualitative approach. It highlights how oppressive social structures influence human behavior, emotions, and relationships. The research concludes that Aziz Ahmad’s novels are not only a reflection of social reality but also a profound exploration of human consciousness and suffering, which makes his fiction an important contribution to modern Urdu literature. Received: 10-12-2025 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Aziz Ahmad, novels, realism and intellectual, fiction, Urdu literature
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Aziza Saeed, Dr. Khizra Tabassum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contemporary Urdu Novel Across the Border (In the Context of Selected Novels)
In the contemporary era, the Urdu novel has not only flourished in Pakistan but has also encompassed diverse themes across the border. Along with thematic richness, successful experiments have been carried out in language, expression, and narrative techniques. Undoubtedly, writers from across the border have played a significant role in enriching the Urdu novel in this period. In this paper, selected novels are analyzed in the context of cross-border Urdu fiction to examine in which ways these works have contributed to the development and expansion of Urdu literature. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Urdu novel, Urdu fiction, Urdu literature, Pakistan, Narrative techniques
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Muhammad Abu Bakar Faruqi, Ambreen Amjad, Zainab Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Poverty Alleviation and Non-Muslim Economists: A Research Review of Capitalism, Socialism, and Welfare State Concepts
This research paper provides a comprehensive analytical review of poverty alleviation theories as propounded by prominent non-Muslim economists, spanning from the classical era to contemporary developmental discourse. The study systematically examines the evolution of economic thought, beginning with Adam Smith’s "Invisible Hand" and the mechanics of free-market capitalism, moving through Karl Marx’s critique of structural exploitation and surplus value. It further explores the 20th-century paradigm shifts, specifically John Maynard Keynes’s advocacy for state interventionism during economic stagnations and Milton Friedman’s neoliberal counter-arguments emphasizing individual economic freedom and monetary stability. The second phase of the research focuses on modern human-centric models, critically evaluating Amartya Sen’s "Capability Approach," which redefines poverty as a deprivation of basic freedoms, and Jeffrey Sachs’s strategic roadmap for clinical economics and global partnership. Through a comparative lens, the paper argues that while these diverse intellectual traditions offer significant material and institutional frameworks for mitigating destitution, they often grapple with a persistent "moral vacuum." The study concludes that the absence of a transcendent ethical foundation in these secular models frequently results in the concentration of wealth and systemic inequalities, necessitating a synthesized approach that balances material mechanisms with holistic social justice.
Capitalism | Socialism | Monetarism | Marxism | Keynesianism | Capabilities | Neoliberalism | Infrastructure | Inequality | Empowerment
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir ul Islam, Dr. Sohail Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An analysis of Prayer (ṣalāh) and its related contemporary juristic issues in the light of Tafsīr Burhān al-Qur’ān
This article critically examines contemporary juristic issues related to Ṣalāh (prayer) in light of Qur’ānic guidance and classical Islamic jurisprudence, with particular reference to the exegesis Burhān al-Qur’ān by Qārī Muḥammad Ṭayyib Naqshbandī. As a central pillar of Islam, prayer not only establishes a direct relationship between the believer and Allah but also plays a vital role in shaping a disciplined and cohesive Muslim society. However, modern developments such as advanced modes of travel, changing social conditions, and medical complexities have given rise to new questions regarding the performance of prayer. The study explores key issues including the permissibility of offering prayer while traveling in contemporary means of transport such as airplanes, trains, and buses; the legal rulings and wisdom behind Ṣalāt al-Qaṣr (shortened prayer) and Ṣalāt al-Khawf (prayer in conditions of fear); and the application of Tayammum (dry ablution) in cases of illness or unavailability of water. It also highlights the importance of congregational prayer and the conditions related to imamate, as discussed in classical and contemporary juristic discourse. Employing an analytical and comparative methodology, the article evaluates the arguments presented by the author, examines his juristic approach, and compares his views with established positions of classical jurists, particularly within the Ḥanafī school. The study further emphasizes the adaptability and flexibility of Islamic law in addressing emerging challenges without compromising its foundational principles. The findings suggest that Islamic jurisprudence provides comprehensive guidance for maintaining the continuity of prayer under all circumstances, offering both ease and discipline. The article concludes that a balanced application of juristic principles, rooted in the Qur’ān, Sunnah, and sound reasoning, is essential for addressing contemporary issues related to worship in a rapidly changing world.
Ṣalāh (Prayer), Tayammum (Dry Ablution), Ṣalāt al-Qaṣr (Shortened Prayer), Ṣalāt al-Khawf (Prayer in Fear), Contemporary Fiqh Issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ismail Khan, Dr. Manzoor Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Altaf Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Methodology of Imam Bukhari in Narration and Shia Narrators: An Analytical Study of Al-Jami‘ al-Sahih
This study examines Imam al-Bukhari’s methodology in narration, with a special focus on his treatment of Shia narrators in Sahih al-Bukhari. This study also analyzes the principles and criteria employed by Imam al-Bukhari in selecting, verifying, and authenticating narrators, emphasizing the distinction he maintained between reliability, piety, and doctrinal adherence. By reviewing classical biographical sources (rijal) and cross-referencing narrations within Sahih al-Bukhari, the present study investigates how narrators with Shia affiliations were handled, including cases of weak or controversial transmitters. It also highlights Imam al-Bukhari’s scholarly rigor, objectivity, and adherence to the standards of criticism on hadith along with provision of insights into his critical evaluation process. Furthermore, it also contributes to a deeper understanding of Sahih al-Bukhari’s methodology and the nuanced approach toward narrators of different sectarian backgrounds.
Imam al-Bukhari’s, Hadith Methodology, Shia narrators
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali Hameed, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hussain Azad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
War, Empire, and Ideology: Linlithgow’s Policies and the Leftist Response in Colonial India
This paper presents a historical assessment of the role of leftist parties during the Second World War, seeking to critically analyze their influence on the country’s social, economic, and political development. Key Findings and Contributions: Lord Linlithgow’s approach towards the left-wing parties during the Second World War engaged directly with leftist ideology. However, these parties failed to exhibit unity in mounting a strong resistance due to a combination of internal and external factors, most notably the Soviet Union’s entry into the war against the Axis powers. Limitations and Evaluation: The analysis further indicates that Leftist politics in India during the Second World War experienced a significant ideological shift, moving from firm anti-imperialist opposition to active support for the British war effort under the influence of international developments in the Soviet-led communist camp. During this time, the Communist Party of India (“CPI”) adopted a position that diverged from the broader stance of the Indian National Congress, creating notable tensions within the anti-colonial movement.
Linlithgow, Left politics, World War II, Congress, Muslim League
Copyright (c) 2026 Moazzam Wasti, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Symbolism in Punjabi Literature: An Exploration of Cultural and Spiritual Dimensions
Symbols serve as powerful literary tools, allowing objects, actions, or ideas to carry meanings that extend far beyond their surface-level significance. Through symbolism, writers infuse texts with emotional, philosophical, and cultural layers, linking the physical world to abstract concepts. This paper examines the concept and historical development of symbolism, tracing its presence across global traditions before focusing on its expressions in Asian, South Asian, and particularly Punjabi literature. Special attention is given to the distinctive symbolic patterns in Punjabi works, revealing their deep ties to the region's spiritual, agrarian, and historical identity.
symbolism, Punjabi literature, charkha, doli, rivers (Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi), peepal tree, tiger, moon, banyan tree, flute, field (khet), lamp (chirag), anklets (jhanjhar), sword/khanda, Sufi poetry, folk narratives, ishq, qissas, Partition, agrarian life, cultural fusion, diaspora, resistance, spiritual awakening, love, separation, identity
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Shabnam Ishaq, Prof. Dr. Nabila Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iqbal and the Philosophy of Fresh Thought
This research explains the central and basic role of “fresh ideas” in the rise and fall of great civilizations, with primary focus on Allama Iqbal’s philosophy. History reminds that great nations do not achieve greatness by just wealth, architecture, or power, but through modern and innovative thinking and higher intellect. The example of Baghdad’s Bayt al-Hikmah shows how the translation of Greek philosophy, Indian mathematics, Persian medicine, and Roman engineering developed a new world of wisdom and knowledge. Yet, when intellect vanished, the city’s enormous buildings and libraries could not protect it from the undoubted decline. The fall of Baghdad symbolized how the loss of productive and creative thoughts leads to collapse of civilization. In his poetry, Iqbal explains this historical fact by highlighting the idea that "a new world emerges from fresh thoughts." He contends that countries bind themselves not just by losing wars but also—and perhaps more dangerously—by becoming intellectually and spiritually hopeless. According to Iqbal, the biggest kind of slavery is when individuals blindly trust material powers and give up on God. Both faith and action are weakened by such an attitude. Iqbal's ideology encourages having enough courage to challenge conventional wisdom, question established norms, and turn ideas into action. He emphasizes that ongoing struggle, intellectual regeneration, and spiritual fortitude are necessary for true advancement. His perspective blends responsibility and hope: if nations rediscover their identity and creative spirit, any collapse can serve as the foundation for new development. The analysis comes to the conclusion that Iqbal's teachings are still very applicable today. Muslim societies are unable to rely on their past greatness or outside assistance in a world that is changing quickly due to technology. Regaining intellectual freedom, reviving creative thought, and fostering faith in divine direction are all necessary for a true rebirth. New concepts continue to be the cornerstone of vibrant nations because they stimulate both personal growth and group change.
Allama Iqbal, Fresh ideas, Bayt al-Hikmah, Mulim Societies
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Khizra Tabassum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of some Urdu Masnavis` manuscripts from Sherani`s Collection
A manuscript is an important historic at document and a primary source of research. In libraries worldwide, countless manuscripts from different periods are preserved in book form, serving as memorials of times when printing had not yet been invented. In those days, to produce any written work by hand, one would obtain paper and ink or seek the services of a skilled calligrapher. Although every handwritten text may be called a manuscript, although greater importance is attached to those manuscripts that were compiled in book form and became a means for the promotion and dissemination of knowledge. A renowned research scholar of Urdu Hafiz Mahmood Shirani, traced many such manuscripts which were important with respect to Urdu Language and Literature. Once their authenticity was established, he included them in the Zakhira-e-Shirani (Shirani Collection). Hafiz Mahmood Shirani possessed exceptional expertise in manuscript studies. For this reason, the manuscripts in the Shirani Collection are considered original and reliable. This article discusses and offers a review of a few worth-mentioning poetic manuscripts from the Shirani Collection that is still preserved in the Oriental Section of the library at University of the Punjab (Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore. Received: 10-12-2025 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Manuscript, Source of research, Document, Calligraphy, Urdu language and literature, Dissemination of knowledge, Authenticity, Shwrani`collection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ayub Nadeem, Sabir Ali Rizwi, Saman Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Analysis of No Funeral for Nazia from the Perspective of Kachru’s Three-Circle Model of World Englishes
The study focuses on how colonial history and regional socioeconomic circumstances have affected English's institutional and widespread use in Pakistan. This study uses Kachru's (1985) Outer Circle model of World Englishes to analyze the Pakistani English novel, No Funeral for Nazia. The study demonstrates how Pakistani English operates as a norm-developing variety with its own linguistic and cultural characteristics through an examination of narrative language, conversation, and cultural allusions in the book. Examples of code-switching and localized phrases that represent Pakistani identity, culture, and societal values are also examined in the study. The research makes the case that the novel portrays English as a meaningful and localized medium of expression rather than just a language used by native speakers by utilizing Kachru's Outer Circle framework. The results highlight the acceptance of Pakistani English as a valid variation and demonstrate how Kachru's paradigm may be used for the analysis of modern Pakistani English fiction.
Language and identity, Pakistani English, Braj Kachru Model Outer Circle, Postcolonial English, No Funeral for Nazia, World Englishes
Copyright (c) 2026 Basirullah, Hina Gul, Dr. Aziz Ahmad (Corresponding Author) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metaphor and Identity: An analysis of modern English and Urdu Poetry
This paper discovers the relevance between identity and metaphor in modern English and Urdu poetry by using Preludes of T.S. Eliot and Mujh Se Pehli Si Muhabat Mere Mehbob Na Mang of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Early twentieth century poetry shows the complexities of individual and social identity shaped by society, politics, and culture. So, in these poems metaphor not only serve as a stylistic device but also as a strong strategy for shaping and indicating broken, unclear, and emerging identities. Alternatively Faiz express tension between personal love and social constraints by changing romantic metaphors in to a device for political awakening. In comparing the two poems and by adopting a qualitative textual analysis approach the researcher analyzes both shared designs, themes, and cultural differences to show how identity is shaped by using metaphors in poetry. After carefully analyzing the poems and by coding the data in the themes, the study declares that metaphor plays a central function in building identity in modern poetry. Moreover, it also hints towards the social and historical context of both poems.
Identity, metaphor, political awareness, modern poetry, urban isolation, industrialization, fragmentation, decay, injustice, despair, Urdu poetry, and English poetry
Copyright (c) 2026 Najla Mubeen Butt, Sehrish Khalil, Dr. Muhammad Sabbor Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Historical, Geographical and Cultural Significance of the Prominent Cities of Bilad al-Sham: A Research Study
The prominent cities of the Levant have long been recognized as historical, geographical, and cultural centers of the Middle East. Damascus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, having been under Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic rule, and it became a major center for Islamic sciences, arts, and culture. Aleppo gained fame for its commercial and military significance, strategically located between the Euphrates River and the Mediterranean, making it a crossroads for trade routes. Homs, situated in central Syria, served as both a military and commercial hub due to its position connecting northern and southern regions, while its Islamic architecture and historical sites reflect the city’s rich cultural heritage. Tartus, located on the Mediterranean coast, was an important port city used as a military center during the Crusader era, and its ancient fortifications and port structures highlight its historical and strategic importance. The cities of Jordan historically lay at the crossroads of trade routes, with their archaeological sites, forts, and towns enhancing their significance, while Lebanese cities were renowned as Mediterranean trade hubs, with ancient forts, markets, and religious buildings reflecting their cultural and economic importance. Overall, the cities of the Levant have not only played a crucial role in regional politics and economy but have also contributed significantly to the development of Islamic and Arab culture. Their ancient buildings, forts, mosques, and markets provide a vivid illustration of their historical, geographical, and cultural significance.
Levant, Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Tartus, historical significance, Geographical importance, Cultural heritage, Trade center
Copyright (c) 2026 Razia Sultana, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Arshad Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Analysis of the Characters in the Short Story "Kenizo" by Moniro Ravanipour
Contemporary literature has undergone an unparalleled transformation with the emergence of female story writers who possess remarkable literary genius. In the meantime, a writer has emerged who has created a significant transformation in short story literature: Muniro Ravanipour. She has benefited from the school of realism as well as feminism in her works, and through her writing she has addressed various social issues. In this research, the short story “Kanizo” by Moniro Ravanipour has been selected for the analysis of its psychological characters. The study of this story shows that the author, in creating her work, addresses the social and feminist issues of the everyday lives of people in southern Iran. By using local language and cultural elements, she vividly portrays the life of the region. Moreover, reading this story creates a tangible image of the people of southern Iran and their lives in the reader’s mind. This study discusses how the patriarchy prevailing in society, along with oppressive social traditions, ridicules and humiliates women who lack autonomy. Economic factors are also among the elements that negatively affect women’s mental and emotional well-being. In the present research, the psychoanalytic analysis of the characters in the short story “Kanizo” will be conducted using analytical and descriptive methods. In this research, the psychoanalytic analysis of the characters in the short story “Kanizo” by Moniro Ravanipour will be examined using both analytical and descriptive methods.
Muniro Ravanipur, kanizo, psychological personality, economic poverty, patriarchy, feminism
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazia Kauser, Dr. Amber Yasmin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Concept of Welfare and Analytical study of Contemporary Literature
The Glorious Quran and Sunnah is the center/hub/axis and basis/ foundations of the religion Islam. The complete and practical guidance about the significance and motivation regarding social welfare and mutual assistance have been highlighted in the light of these two basic sources. Meanings and definitions, analytical comparison of this topic have been elaborated in this article being studied. In this research, admitted research principles, contemporary literature and basic and relevant resources of abstracted references have been presented. Mutual assistance has multiple scope and spheres. For every individual and family, society and state; even every person's support and welfare; protection and provision of opportunities to progress and to be prosperous is extremely essential. These principles are directly or indirectly applicable and concerned to the term mutual assistance. Islam is the only universal and perpetual religion world over. The Noble Quran is the only comprehensive and Universal Book and our Beloved Holy Prophet: being the blessing for all the creatures; human beings and humanity. Therefore, the Muslim Ummah is the universal Ummah (Community). That's why, the range of concepts about mutual assistance encompasses Allah's all creatures and all the human beings. In this article, by keeping in view; the meanings of mutual assistance in the light of the Holy Quran and Sunnah; the Holy Prophet's (Hazrat Muhammad, PBUH) companion’s life and insightful scholars' opinions the practical examples pertaining to the topic have been included. In the end, the introduction of important books related to the topic has been presented in accordance with analytical Characteristics.
Hazrat Muhammad, PBUH, Islam, Quran and Sunnah, Social welfare, Ummah (Community),
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Muhammad Najam-ul-Qosain, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0