Dr. Ghulam Hussain Zulfiqar Research Centre, Lahore
© Author(s). This article is published as Open Access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Classical Indian Gardens and Flora (A Critical and Analytical Study)
The subject of the research paper is a discussion of the gardens of ancient India. With the help of various references from librarty and research sources, a vivid portrayal of these gardens has been presented. Gardens are not merely meant to be seen, but also serve to soothe the five senses. The essay acquaints us with the gardens constrsenscs in the past, the beautiful and fragrant flowers that bloomed in them, and their names. In addition to local flowers, It also provides information about Turkish and Iranian flowers that adorned the garden of India. Furthermore, the importance of flowers in diffeent civitization has also been highlighted.
Classical Indian Garden, Flora, Flowers, Iranian Flowers
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syeda Rahat Zehra Zaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sufism and Contemporary Challenges: An Analytical Study
​Contemporary era, while progressing rapidly in the fields of science and technology, is simultaneously suffering from moral and spiritual degeneration. Materialism, self-centeredness, and the unbridled pursuit of wealth have deprived humanity of true peace of mind. Tasawwuf (Sufism), which highlights the spiritual and ethical dimension (Ihsan) of Islam, offers a comprehensive solution to these modern challenges. Sufism is not merely asceticism or isolation; rather, it is a structured system of self-purification (Tazkiyah-e-Nafs) and moral training that keeps an individual steadfast amidst material storms. By clarifying the true and fundamental concept of Sufism in the light of the Quran and Sunnah, this paper examines how the teachings of Sufis can help mitigate modern crises such as moral decay, mental anxiety, and social intolerance. Received: 15-01-2025 | Revised: 24-01-2026 | Accepted: 12-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Contemporary Era, Tasawwuf (Sufism), Materialism, Moral Decay, Mental Anxiety, Self-Purification, Ihsan
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Saima ijaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani: A Research Study of His Life, Lineage, and Scholarly-Spiritual Services
This study offers a comprehensive introductory account of the life of Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani, a distinguished Sufi saint of the Qadiriyya order and one of the earliest exponents of this spiritual lineage in the Indian subcontinent. It reconstructs his biography and traces his genealogy, which converges with that of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) through the noble ancestor Hashim. Drawing on classical and hagiographical sources, the study records the historical migration of his forefathers from Arabia to Khwarazm and Ghazna, and thereafter to Kot Karor (Karor Lal Esan) and Multan. It documents his manifold contributions in the religious, judicial, social, agricultural, and educational spheres, presenting him as a scholar, reformer, and benefactor of society who renounced worldly comforts despite his royal and aristocratic marriages. As a foundational study, it seeks to consolidate scattered and, at times, conflicting source material into an authenticated account of his ancestry, spiritual station, teachings, and enduring legacy in the propagation of Islam across Kot Karor, Multan, and their surrounding regions. Received: 06-01-2025 | Revised: 20-01-2026 | Accepted: 07-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Makhdum Abdul Rashid Haqqani; Qadiriyya Order; Kot Karor (Karor Lal Esan); Multan; Hashmi Lineage; Sufism in the Subcontinent; Baha-ud-din Zakariya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Amanullah, Dr. Muhammad Anas Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious and Cultural Services of Syed Ali Hamdani in Kashmir
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamdani was the greatest Muslim Sufi. He rendered his services for the spread of peaceful message of Islam in the length and breadth of the valley of Kashmir. Hundreds of his fellow Sayyids accompanied him from Hamdan and other parts of Iran. Owing to the efforts of Mir Hamdani cultural relations and contacts established between the people of Kashmir and Central Asia. Sayyid Ali Hamdani encouraged skilled artisans, technicians and architects from abroad and fostered new arts in Kashmir. A number of people embraced Islam at his hand and thus he successfully gave a new shape to the religio - cultural milieu of Kashmir. Received: 08-01-2026 | Revised: 16-01-2026 | Accepted: 10-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamdani, Muslim Sufi, Kashmir, Central Asia
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Haroon Shah Gillani, Prof. Dr. Khawaja Zahid Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical Discussions and Scope of Civilization and Culture
This article presents a detailed discussion of the concepts of civilization, culture, and society, and examines their role in shaping human individual and collective life. It explains that human activities, social behavior, and ways of living are influenced by a wide range of cultural, moral, religious, intellectual, and social factors. The article defines civilization as the outward manifestation of organized human life, including social manners, customs, traditions, ethical conduct, political systems, and collective social practices. In contrast, culture is described as the intellectual, spiritual, artistic, and ideological expression of a society that reflects its beliefs, values, language, literature, arts, and worldview. Drawing on the perspectives of various scholars, critics, and cultural theorists, the article explores the meanings, evolution, and interrelationship of civilization, culture, and modern social development. It highlights that culture is not a static phenomenon but a dynamic and evolving process shaped by historical experiences, environmental conditions, religion, language, and social interactions. The study further emphasizes that language and literature serve as important carriers of cultural identity and play a significant role in preserving traditions, collective memory, and national consciousness.The article also discusses the importance of customs, moral values, religion, festivals, arts, architecture, and social traditions as major components of cultural life. It argues that a strong civilization and culture contribute to social harmony, ethical stability, intellectual progress, and national identity. In conclusion, the study asserts that civilization and culture are inseparable elements of human society, and that literature and language remain essential tools for understanding, preserving, and promoting a nation’s cultural heritage and collective consciousness. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 16-01-2026 | Accepted: 08-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Civilization, Culture, Society, Cultural Identity, Language, Literature, Social Values, Traditions, Cultural Heritage, Human Society
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Asifa Izzatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Madhunal and Kam Kandla: A Tale of Wisdom and Ethics
This research paper explores the artistic, linguistic, and cultural merits of "Madhunal aur Kam Kandla" (1801), a classic tale translated into Urdu by Mazhar Ali Khan Vila under the auspices of Fort William College, Calcutta. Originally derived from a Braj Bhasha story by Moti Ram Kabishwar, the text was rendered into Urdu at the instigation of Dr. John Gilchrist. This study demonstrates that the narrative extends beyond a conventional romance, serving as a profound reflection of contemporary social etiquette, mythical landscapes, and sophisticated psychological and socio-political dynamics. Linguistically, the text presents notable challenges for the modern reader due to its archaic orthography, obsolete Arabic vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and an absence of standard connective particles typical of that era's prose. Despite these complexities, Vila's poetic stylistic approach, ornate descriptions, rich allegories, and the adept integration of idioms and proverbs sustain reader engagement. The paper meticulously analyzes selected textual excerpts highlighting female psychology, the dynamics between rulers and subjects, and broader human behavior. Furthermore, it underscores the ethical, philosophical, and didactic dimensions that elevate the story from a mere historical document to a timeless piece of literature. By referencing the textual genealogy, British Museum manuscripts, and Dr. Ibadat Barelvi’s subsequent editorial work, this paper contextualizes Vila’s significant contributions to the development of early Urdu prose at Fort William College. Received: 02-01-2026 | Revised: 20-01-2026 | Accepted: 10-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Fort William College, Mazhar Ali Khan Vila, Madhunal aur Kam Kandla, Urdu Prose Style, Didactic Literature, Hindu Mythology, Female Psychology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Baseera Ambreen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hazrat Shah Hussain and the History of Lahore
Hazrat Shah Hussain is an invaluable asset of Punjabi Sufi poetry and is regarded as the first poet of the "Kafi" genre. He spent his life in Lahore. Besides poetry, the influence of historical events is also clearly visible in his life. Many aspects of Lahore’s history remain incomplete without mentioning him. Prominent personalities of his era, including both spiritual and political figures, are associated with various events related to his life. This paper highlights aspects of Shah Hussain’s life and their connection with the history of Lahore.
Hazrat Shah Hussain, Punjabi, Sufi poetry, Kafi
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Inam-ur-Rehman Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRACES OF CLASSICAL ARABIC LITERATURE IN JOKHA AL-HARTHI’S SAYYIDAAT AL-QAMAR
The paper explores the presence and function of classical Arabic literary references in Jokha al-Harthi’s award winning novel Celestial Bodies (Sayyidaat al-Qamar). Awarded the 2019 International Booker Prize, the novel transcends its narrative of Omani society and womanhood to engage deeply with the cultural and literary legacy of the Arab-Islamic world. The study identifies key instances where classical Arabic poetry and prose are embedded into the novel's fabric. These references are not mere aesthetic embellishments but serve as structural and thematic tools that link past literary traditions with contemporary narrative forms. The paper argues that al-Harthi's use of classical literature reinforces the cultural identity of her characters and provides depth to their personal and social struggles. By interweaving heritage with innovation, Celestial Bodies exemplifies a dynamic literary continuum within modern Arabic fiction. Received: 10-01-2025 | Revised: 14-01-2026 | Accepted: 14-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Classical Arabic literature, Intertextuality, Sayyidaat al-Qamar, Jokha al-Harthi, Celestial Bodies, Arabic fiction, Literary heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Exploitation in Aziz Ahmad's Novels
This research study examines the theme of human exploitation in the novels of Aziz Ahmad. Aziz Ahmad is one of the prominent figures of modern Urdu fiction who portrayed the social, psychological, and cultural crises of modern society with realism and intellectual depth. His novels present the problems of class inequality, emotional deprivation, moral decline, and inner conflict, which deeply affect human life and identity. The study analyzes economic, psychological, sexual, and social exploitation in his selected novels through an analytical and qualitative approach. It highlights how oppressive social structures influence human behavior, emotions, and relationships. The research concludes that Aziz Ahmad’s novels are not only a reflection of social reality but also a profound exploration of human consciousness and suffering, which makes his fiction an important contribution to modern Urdu literature. Received: 10-12-2025 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Aziz Ahmad, novels, realism and intellectual, fiction, Urdu literature
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Aziza Saeed, Dr. Khizra Tabassum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contemporary Urdu Novel Across the Border (In the Context of Selected Novels)
In the contemporary era, the Urdu novel has not only flourished in Pakistan but has also encompassed diverse themes across the border. Along with thematic richness, successful experiments have been carried out in language, expression, and narrative techniques. Undoubtedly, writers from across the border have played a significant role in enriching the Urdu novel in this period. In this paper, selected novels are analyzed in the context of cross-border Urdu fiction to examine in which ways these works have contributed to the development and expansion of Urdu literature. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Urdu novel, Urdu fiction, Urdu literature, Pakistan, Narrative techniques
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Muhammad Abu Bakar Faruqi, Ambreen Amjad, Zainab Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Poverty Alleviation and Non-Muslim Economists: A Research Review of Capitalism, Socialism, and Welfare State Concepts
This research paper provides a comprehensive analytical review of poverty alleviation theories as propounded by prominent non-Muslim economists, spanning from the classical era to contemporary developmental discourse. The study systematically examines the evolution of economic thought, beginning with Adam Smith’s "Invisible Hand" and the mechanics of free-market capitalism, moving through Karl Marx’s critique of structural exploitation and surplus value. It further explores the 20th-century paradigm shifts, specifically John Maynard Keynes’s advocacy for state interventionism during economic stagnations and Milton Friedman’s neoliberal counter-arguments emphasizing individual economic freedom and monetary stability. The second phase of the research focuses on modern human-centric models, critically evaluating Amartya Sen’s "Capability Approach," which redefines poverty as a deprivation of basic freedoms, and Jeffrey Sachs’s strategic roadmap for clinical economics and global partnership. Through a comparative lens, the paper argues that while these diverse intellectual traditions offer significant material and institutional frameworks for mitigating destitution, they often grapple with a persistent "moral vacuum." The study concludes that the absence of a transcendent ethical foundation in these secular models frequently results in the concentration of wealth and systemic inequalities, necessitating a synthesized approach that balances material mechanisms with holistic social justice.
Capitalism | Socialism | Monetarism | Marxism | Keynesianism | Capabilities | Neoliberalism | Infrastructure | Inequality | Empowerment
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir ul Islam, Dr. Sohail Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An analysis of Prayer (ṣalāh) and its related contemporary juristic issues in the light of Tafsīr Burhān al-Qur’ān
This article critically examines contemporary juristic issues related to Ṣalāh (prayer) in light of Qur’ānic guidance and classical Islamic jurisprudence, with particular reference to the exegesis Burhān al-Qur’ān by Qārī Muḥammad Ṭayyib Naqshbandī. As a central pillar of Islam, prayer not only establishes a direct relationship between the believer and Allah but also plays a vital role in shaping a disciplined and cohesive Muslim society. However, modern developments such as advanced modes of travel, changing social conditions, and medical complexities have given rise to new questions regarding the performance of prayer. The study explores key issues including the permissibility of offering prayer while traveling in contemporary means of transport such as airplanes, trains, and buses; the legal rulings and wisdom behind Ṣalāt al-Qaṣr (shortened prayer) and Ṣalāt al-Khawf (prayer in conditions of fear); and the application of Tayammum (dry ablution) in cases of illness or unavailability of water. It also highlights the importance of congregational prayer and the conditions related to imamate, as discussed in classical and contemporary juristic discourse. Employing an analytical and comparative methodology, the article evaluates the arguments presented by the author, examines his juristic approach, and compares his views with established positions of classical jurists, particularly within the Ḥanafī school. The study further emphasizes the adaptability and flexibility of Islamic law in addressing emerging challenges without compromising its foundational principles. The findings suggest that Islamic jurisprudence provides comprehensive guidance for maintaining the continuity of prayer under all circumstances, offering both ease and discipline. The article concludes that a balanced application of juristic principles, rooted in the Qur’ān, Sunnah, and sound reasoning, is essential for addressing contemporary issues related to worship in a rapidly changing world.
Ṣalāh (Prayer), Tayammum (Dry Ablution), Ṣalāt al-Qaṣr (Shortened Prayer), Ṣalāt al-Khawf (Prayer in Fear), Contemporary Fiqh Issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ismail Khan, Dr. Manzoor Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Altaf Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Methodology of Imam Bukhari in Narration and Shia Narrators: An Analytical Study of Al-Jami‘ al-Sahih
This study examines Imam al-Bukhari’s methodology in narration, with a special focus on his treatment of Shia narrators in Sahih al-Bukhari. This study also analyzes the principles and criteria employed by Imam al-Bukhari in selecting, verifying, and authenticating narrators, emphasizing the distinction he maintained between reliability, piety, and doctrinal adherence. By reviewing classical biographical sources (rijal) and cross-referencing narrations within Sahih al-Bukhari, the present study investigates how narrators with Shia affiliations were handled, including cases of weak or controversial transmitters. It also highlights Imam al-Bukhari’s scholarly rigor, objectivity, and adherence to the standards of criticism on hadith along with provision of insights into his critical evaluation process. Furthermore, it also contributes to a deeper understanding of Sahih al-Bukhari’s methodology and the nuanced approach toward narrators of different sectarian backgrounds.
Imam al-Bukhari’s, Hadith Methodology, Shia narrators
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali Hameed, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hussain Azad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
War, Empire, and Ideology: Linlithgow’s Policies and the Leftist Response in Colonial India
This paper presents a historical assessment of the role of leftist parties during the Second World War, seeking to critically analyze their influence on the country’s social, economic, and political development. Key Findings and Contributions: Lord Linlithgow’s approach towards the left-wing parties during the Second World War engaged directly with leftist ideology. However, these parties failed to exhibit unity in mounting a strong resistance due to a combination of internal and external factors, most notably the Soviet Union’s entry into the war against the Axis powers. Limitations and Evaluation: The analysis further indicates that Leftist politics in India during the Second World War experienced a significant ideological shift, moving from firm anti-imperialist opposition to active support for the British war effort under the influence of international developments in the Soviet-led communist camp. During this time, the Communist Party of India (“CPI”) adopted a position that diverged from the broader stance of the Indian National Congress, creating notable tensions within the anti-colonial movement.
Linlithgow, Left politics, World War II, Congress, Muslim League
Copyright (c) 2026 Moazzam Wasti, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Symbolism in Punjabi Literature: An Exploration of Cultural and Spiritual Dimensions
Symbols serve as powerful literary tools, allowing objects, actions, or ideas to carry meanings that extend far beyond their surface-level significance. Through symbolism, writers infuse texts with emotional, philosophical, and cultural layers, linking the physical world to abstract concepts. This paper examines the concept and historical development of symbolism, tracing its presence across global traditions before focusing on its expressions in Asian, South Asian, and particularly Punjabi literature. Special attention is given to the distinctive symbolic patterns in Punjabi works, revealing their deep ties to the region's spiritual, agrarian, and historical identity.
symbolism, Punjabi literature, charkha, doli, rivers (Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi), peepal tree, tiger, moon, banyan tree, flute, field (khet), lamp (chirag), anklets (jhanjhar), sword/khanda, Sufi poetry, folk narratives, ishq, qissas, Partition, agrarian life, cultural fusion, diaspora, resistance, spiritual awakening, love, separation, identity
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Shabnam Ishaq, Prof. Dr. Nabila Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iqbal and the Philosophy of Fresh Thought
This research explains the central and basic role of “fresh ideas” in the rise and fall of great civilizations, with primary focus on Allama Iqbal’s philosophy. History reminds that great nations do not achieve greatness by just wealth, architecture, or power, but through modern and innovative thinking and higher intellect. The example of Baghdad’s Bayt al-Hikmah shows how the translation of Greek philosophy, Indian mathematics, Persian medicine, and Roman engineering developed a new world of wisdom and knowledge. Yet, when intellect vanished, the city’s enormous buildings and libraries could not protect it from the undoubted decline. The fall of Baghdad symbolized how the loss of productive and creative thoughts leads to collapse of civilization. In his poetry, Iqbal explains this historical fact by highlighting the idea that "a new world emerges from fresh thoughts." He contends that countries bind themselves not just by losing wars but also—and perhaps more dangerously—by becoming intellectually and spiritually hopeless. According to Iqbal, the biggest kind of slavery is when individuals blindly trust material powers and give up on God. Both faith and action are weakened by such an attitude. Iqbal's ideology encourages having enough courage to challenge conventional wisdom, question established norms, and turn ideas into action. He emphasizes that ongoing struggle, intellectual regeneration, and spiritual fortitude are necessary for true advancement. His perspective blends responsibility and hope: if nations rediscover their identity and creative spirit, any collapse can serve as the foundation for new development. The analysis comes to the conclusion that Iqbal's teachings are still very applicable today. Muslim societies are unable to rely on their past greatness or outside assistance in a world that is changing quickly due to technology. Regaining intellectual freedom, reviving creative thought, and fostering faith in divine direction are all necessary for a true rebirth. New concepts continue to be the cornerstone of vibrant nations because they stimulate both personal growth and group change.
Allama Iqbal, Fresh ideas, Bayt al-Hikmah, Mulim Societies
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Khizra Tabassum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of some Urdu Masnavis` manuscripts from Sherani`s Collection
A manuscript is an important historic at document and a primary source of research. In libraries worldwide, countless manuscripts from different periods are preserved in book form, serving as memorials of times when printing had not yet been invented. In those days, to produce any written work by hand, one would obtain paper and ink or seek the services of a skilled calligrapher. Although every handwritten text may be called a manuscript, although greater importance is attached to those manuscripts that were compiled in book form and became a means for the promotion and dissemination of knowledge. A renowned research scholar of Urdu Hafiz Mahmood Shirani, traced many such manuscripts which were important with respect to Urdu Language and Literature. Once their authenticity was established, he included them in the Zakhira-e-Shirani (Shirani Collection). Hafiz Mahmood Shirani possessed exceptional expertise in manuscript studies. For this reason, the manuscripts in the Shirani Collection are considered original and reliable. This article discusses and offers a review of a few worth-mentioning poetic manuscripts from the Shirani Collection that is still preserved in the Oriental Section of the library at University of the Punjab (Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore. Received: 10-12-2025 | Revised: 22-01-2026 | Accepted: 06-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Manuscript, Source of research, Document, Calligraphy, Urdu language and literature, Dissemination of knowledge, Authenticity, Shwrani`collection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ayub Nadeem, Sabir Ali Rizwi, Saman Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Analysis of No Funeral for Nazia from the Perspective of Kachru’s Three-Circle Model of World Englishes
The study focuses on how colonial history and regional socioeconomic circumstances have affected English's institutional and widespread use in Pakistan. This study uses Kachru's (1985) Outer Circle model of World Englishes to analyze the Pakistani English novel, No Funeral for Nazia. The study demonstrates how Pakistani English operates as a norm-developing variety with its own linguistic and cultural characteristics through an examination of narrative language, conversation, and cultural allusions in the book. Examples of code-switching and localized phrases that represent Pakistani identity, culture, and societal values are also examined in the study. The research makes the case that the novel portrays English as a meaningful and localized medium of expression rather than just a language used by native speakers by utilizing Kachru's Outer Circle framework. The results highlight the acceptance of Pakistani English as a valid variation and demonstrate how Kachru's paradigm may be used for the analysis of modern Pakistani English fiction.
Language and identity, Pakistani English, Braj Kachru Model Outer Circle, Postcolonial English, No Funeral for Nazia, World Englishes
Copyright (c) 2026 Basirullah, Hina Gul, Dr. Aziz Ahmad (Corresponding Author) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metaphor and Identity: An analysis of modern English and Urdu Poetry
This paper discovers the relevance between identity and metaphor in modern English and Urdu poetry by using Preludes of T.S. Eliot and Mujh Se Pehli Si Muhabat Mere Mehbob Na Mang of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Early twentieth century poetry shows the complexities of individual and social identity shaped by society, politics, and culture. So, in these poems metaphor not only serve as a stylistic device but also as a strong strategy for shaping and indicating broken, unclear, and emerging identities. Alternatively Faiz express tension between personal love and social constraints by changing romantic metaphors in to a device for political awakening. In comparing the two poems and by adopting a qualitative textual analysis approach the researcher analyzes both shared designs, themes, and cultural differences to show how identity is shaped by using metaphors in poetry. After carefully analyzing the poems and by coding the data in the themes, the study declares that metaphor plays a central function in building identity in modern poetry. Moreover, it also hints towards the social and historical context of both poems.
Identity, metaphor, political awareness, modern poetry, urban isolation, industrialization, fragmentation, decay, injustice, despair, Urdu poetry, and English poetry
Copyright (c) 2026 Najla Mubeen Butt, Sehrish Khalil, Dr. Muhammad Sabbor Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Historical, Geographical and Cultural Significance of the Prominent Cities of Bilad al-Sham: A Research Study
The prominent cities of the Levant have long been recognized as historical, geographical, and cultural centers of the Middle East. Damascus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, having been under Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic rule, and it became a major center for Islamic sciences, arts, and culture. Aleppo gained fame for its commercial and military significance, strategically located between the Euphrates River and the Mediterranean, making it a crossroads for trade routes. Homs, situated in central Syria, served as both a military and commercial hub due to its position connecting northern and southern regions, while its Islamic architecture and historical sites reflect the city’s rich cultural heritage. Tartus, located on the Mediterranean coast, was an important port city used as a military center during the Crusader era, and its ancient fortifications and port structures highlight its historical and strategic importance. The cities of Jordan historically lay at the crossroads of trade routes, with their archaeological sites, forts, and towns enhancing their significance, while Lebanese cities were renowned as Mediterranean trade hubs, with ancient forts, markets, and religious buildings reflecting their cultural and economic importance. Overall, the cities of the Levant have not only played a crucial role in regional politics and economy but have also contributed significantly to the development of Islamic and Arab culture. Their ancient buildings, forts, mosques, and markets provide a vivid illustration of their historical, geographical, and cultural significance.
Levant, Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Tartus, historical significance, Geographical importance, Cultural heritage, Trade center
Copyright (c) 2026 Razia Sultana, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Arshad Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Analysis of the Characters in the Short Story "Kenizo" by Moniro Ravanipour
Contemporary literature has undergone an unparalleled transformation with the emergence of female story writers who possess remarkable literary genius. In the meantime, a writer has emerged who has created a significant transformation in short story literature: Muniro Ravanipour. She has benefited from the school of realism as well as feminism in her works, and through her writing she has addressed various social issues. In this research, the short story “Kanizo” by Moniro Ravanipour has been selected for the analysis of its psychological characters. The study of this story shows that the author, in creating her work, addresses the social and feminist issues of the everyday lives of people in southern Iran. By using local language and cultural elements, she vividly portrays the life of the region. Moreover, reading this story creates a tangible image of the people of southern Iran and their lives in the reader’s mind. This study discusses how the patriarchy prevailing in society, along with oppressive social traditions, ridicules and humiliates women who lack autonomy. Economic factors are also among the elements that negatively affect women’s mental and emotional well-being. In the present research, the psychoanalytic analysis of the characters in the short story “Kanizo” will be conducted using analytical and descriptive methods. In this research, the psychoanalytic analysis of the characters in the short story “Kanizo” by Moniro Ravanipour will be examined using both analytical and descriptive methods.
Muniro Ravanipur, kanizo, psychological personality, economic poverty, patriarchy, feminism
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazia Kauser, Dr. Amber Yasmin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Concept of Welfare and Analytical study of Contemporary Literature
The Glorious Quran and Sunnah is the center/hub/axis and basis/ foundations of the religion Islam. The complete and practical guidance about the significance and motivation regarding social welfare and mutual assistance have been highlighted in the light of these two basic sources. Meanings and definitions, analytical comparison of this topic have been elaborated in this article being studied. In this research, admitted research principles, contemporary literature and basic and relevant resources of abstracted references have been presented. Mutual assistance has multiple scope and spheres. For every individual and family, society and state; even every person's support and welfare; protection and provision of opportunities to progress and to be prosperous is extremely essential. These principles are directly or indirectly applicable and concerned to the term mutual assistance. Islam is the only universal and perpetual religion world over. The Noble Quran is the only comprehensive and Universal Book and our Beloved Holy Prophet: being the blessing for all the creatures; human beings and humanity. Therefore, the Muslim Ummah is the universal Ummah (Community). That's why, the range of concepts about mutual assistance encompasses Allah's all creatures and all the human beings. In this article, by keeping in view; the meanings of mutual assistance in the light of the Holy Quran and Sunnah; the Holy Prophet's (Hazrat Muhammad, PBUH) companion’s life and insightful scholars' opinions the practical examples pertaining to the topic have been included. In the end, the introduction of important books related to the topic has been presented in accordance with analytical Characteristics.
Hazrat Muhammad, PBUH, Islam, Quran and Sunnah, Social welfare, Ummah (Community),
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Muhammad Najam-ul-Qosain, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ambiguity in Twilight in Delhi by Ahmad Ali: A Pragmatic Study of Lexical and Semantic Ambiguity in Postcolonial Discourse
In this research paper, we explored how Ahmad Ali used lexical and semantic ambiguity in Twilight in Delhi, focusing closely on how ambiguity functions as an intentional stylistic and communicative strategy within a postcolonial context to show life under British rule. The novel portrays Indo-Muslim society during the decline of Mughal influence and the rise of British colonial rule. We found that, by blending English narration with Urdu vocabulary rooted in local culture, hybrid expressions, and symbolic imagery, the text generates multiple layers of meaning. We adopted a qualitative research design to analyse textual excerpts from selected dialogues and narrative descriptions closely. The theoretical framework is based on H. P. Grice's Cooperative Principle, particularly the Maxim of Manner, which emphasizes clarity and the avoidance of ambiguity. The analysis shows that the novel often flouts this maxim through indirect phrases, culturally rich terms, and figurative narration. Our findings revealed that lexical ambiguity arises mainly from untranslated Urdu terms and localised English expressions, whereas semantic ambiguity arises through metaphorical descriptions and narrative breaks. Our research paper concludes that ambiguity in Twilight in Delhi is a purposeful narrative device that reflects cultural hybridity, identity shifts, and resistance to colonial influence, and we request readers to draw on contextual inference and cultural knowledge for a deeper understanding.
Lexical ambiguity; semantic ambiguity; postcolonial literature; linguistic hybridity; pragmatic analysis; Twilight in Delhi.
Copyright (c) 2023 Noor Muqadus Imran, Jaweria Rasool, Muhammad Sabboor Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study of Khizar Noshahi's Contributions in Editing of Faqir Qadir Bakhsh Bedil’ Literary Works
Khizar Noshahi is among the renowned scholars of Persian studies in Pakistan. A major milestone in his long research career is the editing of the three “Diwans” of Faqir Qadir Bakhsh Bedil. Study of those Diwans offers us a rich encounter with the poet while also demonstrating Noshahi’s painstaking effort and mastery of textual editing and research. The valuable services, he rendered in establishing the text, arranging punctuation, and recovering the oldest available manuscripts, are acknowledged in this article.
Khizar Noshahi, Faqeer Qadir Bakhsh Bedil, Persian Poetry, Diwan
Copyright (c) 2025 Naveed Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Leadership Vision of Qusayy ibn Kilab in the Institutional Reorganization of Meccan Society: An Analytical Study of Its Social and Welfare Dimensions
This article analyzes the socio-political and economic leadership of Qusayy ibn Kilab (RA) and his transformative role in reorganizing pre-Islamic Meccan society. It argues that Qusayy unified the dispersed clans of Quraysh, centralized authority around the Kaʿbah, and established institutional structures such as Dār al-Nadwah, along with organized religious offices including ḥijābah, siqāyah, and rifādah. These reforms marked the transition of Mecca from tribal fragmentation to structured civic order. The study further highlights his economic and welfare initiatives, including urban settlement planning, management of water resources, collective financial support for pilgrims, and the foundations of commercial alliances later reflected in the Qur’ānic concept of īlāf. Collectively, these measures fostered socio-economic stability and prepared the institutional groundwork that later supported the mission of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).
Qusayy ibn Kilab, Quraysh, Pre-Islamic Mecca, Socio-Economic Reforms
Copyright (c) 2025 Saira Batool, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hussain Azad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Visual Hybridity and Cultural Resistance: The Interplay of Colonialism and Indigenous Art Forms
This review article considers visual hybridity as a cultural form of resistance in colonial and post-colonial contexts. It considers how indigenous performance has been impacted by, and responded to, colonial aesthetics and representation. It draws on important theoretical engagements with visual hybridity, focusing particularly on Homi K. Bhabha’s concepts of mimicry, ambivalence, and the third space. It argues that hybridity was never simply the outcome of colonial impacts, but rather a deliberate site for negotiation, subversion and identity-making. Through a series of historical and contemporary case studies, beginning with the case of Indo-Portuguese Christian art on the Malabar Coast, to Latin American “Indochristian” art, to folk/popular traditions like Kalighat painting and Pattachitra, as well as recent diasporic art-making practices like Yinka Shonibare, and Nina Mangalanayagam, this review considers how hybrid visual practices have functioned both as meaningful tactics of survival, critique and self-assertion. The study suggests that hybridity provides an opportunity to subvert colonial authority: by reworking colonial motifs into locally determined forms and materials, the artists destabilize the symbolic hierarchies of colonial powers and call into question their claims to cultural superiority. Simultaneously, the forms provide reclamation of agency for indigenous people by inserting native symbolic systems into frameworks that have been imposed on them. In religious domains, syncretic acts permitted the ongoing existence of indigenous spiritual traditions while colonialism silenced them. Hybridity also plays a pivotal role in identity negotiation, especially for diasporic and mixed-heritage people. Through hybrid visual languages, artists demonstrate their complex in-between selves and challenge the notion of fixed cultural binaries. Furthermore, hybrid art often serves as political commentary, utilizing satire, symbolism and digestible visual language to critique social and colonial hierarchies. The debate surrounding authenticity demonstrates that hybrid pieces of art, at their worst, may not be authentic or pure; The commodification of hybrid art also can neutralize the subversive or artistic intentions of hybrid art and those analyzing it thereby emphasizing the aesthetic, marketability, and commercial appeal of hybrid forms, which does not recognize nor appreciate their deeper meanings and significance. Ultimately, this paper suggests that visual hybridity is a valuable analytical tool for analyzing art and a living and evolving method for creating and experiencing art, with ramifications for decolonial futures. Furthermore, viewing hybrid art as an opportunity to create resistance, identity formation, and dialogue, scholars and practitioners alike can better recognize the lasting effects of colonization on Indigenous cultures, honor the strength of these cultures, and support the creative and political rebirth and revitalization of Indigenous ways of being in the world. The paper ultimately stresses the significance of using contextualized and community-sensitive applications of hybrid forms, as they should be viewed as aesthetic and embodied histories that are political and provide a forum or pathway for collective transformation.
visual hybridity, cultural resistance, postcolonial theory, indigenous art, syncretism, mimicry, colonialism, identity, decolonial art
Copyright (c) 2026 Shoaib Mehmood, Dr. Aqsa Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Representation of the “Initiation Ritual” in Rostam’s Seven Labors: A Mythological and Phenomenological Reading Based on Mircea Eliade’s Theories
This study, drawing on Mircea Eliade’s mythological and phenomenological theories, examines the initiation ritual in Rostam’s Seven Labors in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. According to Eliade’s mythological patterns, the Seven Labors of Rostam go beyond a mere sequence of heroic battles and can be seen as the representation of an archetypal mythological model. The aim of this article is to decode the structure and mythological foundations of the Seven Labors within the framework of the initiation ritual, and to explain how Rostam, by passing through difficult trials, attains the status of a sacred hero and a bearer of cosmic order and mysteries. Since Eliade considers the initiation ritual as a form of sacred and religious transition and a means of discovering a people’s religious and mythological secrets, this article analyzes the stages of the Seven Labors in light of the ontological and mythological teachings of Zoroastrianism, in order to interpret the symbols and concepts confronted by the hero. The findings reveal that Eliade’s elements and patterns of the “initiation ritual” are clearly observable in the story of the Seven Labors: patterns such as separation from the mother as a symbolic departure from the profane world, the undertaking of arduous trials and the manifestation of the sacred, and finally entering the cave of the White Demon as a return to the womb and a rebirth, completing Rostam’s process of initiation. Moreover, the results indicate that the Seven Labors serve as a symbolic system for the hero’s acquaintance with cosmogony and the forces of good and evil in the Zoroastrian tradition, and therefore go beyond a merely heroic narrative.
Mircea Eliade, Initiation Ritual, Symbolic Death, the Sacred, Decoding
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadhl Mahmood Wali, Prof. Dr. Jihad Shukri Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on motivational factors for journalists to work in adverse circumstances
This study investigates the motivational factors within Pakistani journalists. That keep them committed to their profession despite the problems they face such as job insecurity, low wages, psychological stress, and the personal safety threats. Qualitative approach was taken out as a research design; eight semi-structured interviews were conducted within journalist form electronic and print media. Thematically analyzing the interviews, the study revealed that intrinsic motivations such as passion for truth, desire to create social change and idealism helped them sustain their professional dedication. Some other non-monetary benefits which includes public recognition, access to decision-makers and also sense of power associated with journalism emerged as a significant motivator. Although there was some dissatisfaction among the participants because of irregular salaries, lack of organizational support, their professional identity and commitment to informing the public outweighed financial disincentives. The findings suggest that intrinsic and social motivations play a larger role than extrinsic rewards in driving persistence. The study recommends that media managers provide greater financial and institutional support to enhance journalists’ organizational loyalty and well-being, ultimately contributing to a stronger and more responsible media landscape.
Journalistic Motivation; McClelland’s Theory of Needs; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation; Occupational Stress; Media Ethics; Organizational Commitment; Qualitative Thematic Analysis; Adverse Working Conditions; Pakistani Journalism; Freedom of Expression
Copyright (c) 2026 Waleed Wajid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iqbal’s travelogue in the light of his letters
The letters of Allama Muhammad Iqbal written to contemporary religious scholars, literary figures and political leaders form an important part of his intellectual and literary legacy. These letters are unique in style and rich in thought, reflecting his deep engagement with the religious, cultural and political issues of his time. During his travels to different countries for the pursuit of knowledge and to deliver lectures, Iqbal continued to express his ideas through correspondence. These letters provide a broad view of the political conditions of the Indian sub-continent and the socio-cultural environment of various Muslim societies. They also reveal his personal connections with spiritual and religious circles, showing the close link between his beliefs and his public life. Although, written in prose, the language of these letters often carries a poetic tone, which adds to their literary value. This study examines Iqbal’s correspondence as both historical evidence and literary expression, highlighting its importance for understanding his thought and personality more fully. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 24-01-2026 | Accepted: 08-02-2026 | Published: 20-02-2026
Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Letters, Travelogue, Muslim society, political thought, Intellectual history.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abeera Ahmad, Muhammad Hammad Niazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qateel was a promenent grammarian, poet & prosodist. Daryā-e-Latāfat is a great joint work by him and Insha Allah Khan, which deals with Urdu grammar and rhetoric. In the early period, beginner poets and students faced major issues such as prosodic complexity & inconsistency; therefore, prosody was included in this book in that context. In this same framework, Qateel made an initial effort to harmonize prosody with the linguistic structure of Urdu and local temperament and to make it more engaging. However, Qateel devised neither a new metrical system parallel to that of Khalil nor introduced any fundamental reform in prosody. Like other prosodists, he followed only the classical Aruz. Nevertheless, alongside the conventional prosodic feet, he attempted some innovation by proposing alternative terminology, but this effort did not prove successful. The objective reality is that, compared to the first part of Daryā-e-Latāfat, its second part is neither reliable nor technically sound and authoritative. Its status in the book is secondary. Urdu critics have regarded the prosodic discussions of Daryā-e-Latāfat, in comparison with its morphological and syntactic discussions, as superficial and unproductive. However, Qateel’s arguments regarding Sabab-e-saqeel and Fawasil are certainly thought-provoking for scholars & students of prosody; therefore, they deserve careful reflection. Similarly, his practice of classifying the modified metrical forms and rhythms of the basic metres under a single pattern also reflects his prosodic sense. These very prosodic issues have been discussed in this article.
Khalil, Aruz, Qateel, Prosody, Poetic metres, Urdu, Fawasil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Shakoor Shakir, Dr. Arifa Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0